History of Heart Mountain

Sources

Pages read in October 2026 while writing the History of Heart Mountain, History of the Photographer and Family History. The wording on those pages is CloudView's own summary.

1. 1
   NASA Earth Observatory, "Heart Mountain, Wyoming"https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/heart-mountain-wyoming-5248/Used for: Rock ages, sheet size, elevation
2. 2
   GeoWyo, "Heart Mountain"https://www.geowyo.com/heart-mountain.htmlUsed for: Detachment age, size, speed, volcanic and gas theories
3. 3
   USGS Yellowstone Volcano Observatory, "The largest landslide in the world"https://www.usgs.gov/observatories/yvo/news/largest-landslide-worldUsed for: Age and link to Absaroka volcanism
4. 4
   Wikipedia, "Heart Mountain (Wyoming)"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Mountain_(Wyoming)Used for: Name origin, Crow names, elevation (secondary source)
5. 5
   Swanson, Caltech Tectonics Observatory 2013https://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/meetings/downloads2013/Swanson-TO-2013.pdfUsed for: Slip may have been episodic, not one event (conference version; see source 36 for the published paper)
6. 6
   Colorado State University, on Thomas Bown's Heart Mountain bookhttps://anthgr.colostate.edu/2025/02/bown-heart-mountain/Used for: Two-event idea
7. 7
   Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, "Look Toward the Mountain" Episode 2 transcripthttps://www.heartmountain.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/LOOK-TOWARD-THE-MOUNTAIN-Episode-2-Transcript.pdfUsed for: Apsaalooke (Crow) naming, ranchers and sheepherders
8. 8
   Wyoming SHPO, Archaeology Awareness Month, Heart Mountainhttps://wyoarchaeo.wyo.gov/index.php/learn/wyoming-archaeology-awareness-month/project-a-day/82-september-25-heart-mountain-archaeology-3Used for: Crow Reservation to 1868, tipi rings
9. 9
   WyoHistory.org, "Park County, Wyoming"https://www.wyohistory.org/encyclopedia/park-county-wyomingUsed for: Ranching from the late 1870s, county created 1909
10. 10
    National Park Service, Heart Mountain Relocation Centerhttps://www.nps.gov/places/heart-mountain-relocation-center.htmUsed for: Camp construction, arrivals, draft resistance, military service
11. 11
    National Park Service, War Relocation Centershttps://home.nps.gov/articles/000/war-relocation-centers.htmUsed for: Peak population, closing date
12. 12
    Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, FAQhttps://heartmountain.org/faq/Used for: Total incarcerated, births, deaths, military service count
13. 13
    AARP, Heart Mountain Interpretive Centerhttps://www.aarp.org/travel/vacation-ideas/history-culture/heart-mountain-interpretive-center/Used for: Barracks sold, landmark, center opening
14. 14
    Thompson Funeral Home, Evaleen George obituaryhttps://www.thompsonfuneral.net/obituary/evaleen-georgeUsed for: 1947 veteran homestead drawing
15. 15
    Wyoming SHPO, homestead brief narrativehttps://wyoshpo.wyo.gov/homestead/pdf/brief_narrative_072410.pdfUsed for: Postwar homesteading context
16. 16
    The Nature Conservancy, 30 years in Wyominghttps://www.nature.org/en-us/about-us/where-we-work/united-states/wyoming/stories-in-wyoming/celebrating-30-years-of-conservation-in-wyoming/Used for: Preserve history
17. 17
    The Nature Conservancy, Wyoming Preserve Guide 2024https://www.nature.org/content/dam/tnc/nature/en/documents/WY_Preserve_Guide_2024.pdfUsed for: Preserve history
18. 18
    The Nature Conservancy, Heart Mountain Ranch preservehttps://www.nature.org/en-us/get-involved/how-to-help/places-we-protect/heart-mountain-ranch/Used for: Preserve visitor information
19. 19
    Natural Atlas, "Heart Mountain Hike"https://naturalatlas.com/guides/heart-mountain-hike-1949Used for: Trail signs naming the Cozzens family
20. 20
    Byron Cemetery genealogy page pafn20 (transcribes Powell Tribune and Lovell Chronicle)http://personal.tctwest.net/~gonefishin/pafn20.htmUsed for: Paul, Joe and Milton Cozzens; 1900 census
21. 21
    Byron Cemetery genealogy page pafn19 (transcribes Powell Tribune)http://personal.tctwest.net/~gonefishin/pafn19.htmUsed for: Joe Cozzens sheep camp, 1933 blizzard
22. 22
    Find a Grave, John Cozzens (1833-1905)https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/31715761/john-cozzensUsed for: John Cozzens move to Byron
23. 23
    U.S. House Report 111-529https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CRPT-111hrpt529/html/CRPT-111hrpt529.htmUsed for: National Historic Landmark 2006
24. 24
    Published family obituaries for Fred Cozzens (Powell Tribune, 2001) and Lucy Cozzens (2012). Not linked here because they name living family members.Used for: Family line, Fred's boyhood on the Heart Mountain homestead
25. 25
    National Park Service, Japanese American Confinement Sites grant newsletter 8 (boiler house chimney restoration)https://npshistory.com/publications/jacs/newsletter-8.pdfUsed for: Chimney built 1942 for the camp hospital, restored 2013
26. 26
    Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Root Cellarhttps://heartmountain.org/root-cellar/Used for: Root cellar built by Japanese Americans, produce storage, restoration
27. 27
    "My Grandfather's Mark in Time: Joe Cozzens' Rock", compiled by Carol Faye Cozzens Thornberry, Joe's first grandchild, Cousins' Pipeline 8, July 2001 (reprinted in Cousins' Pipeline 24, May 2006). Private family document; no public copy.Used for: Joe Cozzens's 1906 carving and the Joe's Rock photo
28. 28
    Family letter from a Cozzens cousin, Cody, Wyoming, July 18, 2011, with a copy of a page from Joe Cozzens's scrapbook. Private family document; no public copy.Used for: Fred's boyhood letter, the scrapbook photos and Joe's handwritten notes
29. 29
    Published obituary for Merle Jean Ray (Powell Tribune, January 17, 2012), reproduced on Find a Grave memorial 84543159. Not linked here because it names living family members.Used for: Archie and Merle Ray
30. 30
    Trail signs on the Heart Mountain trail ("Joseph Francis Cozzens", "Joe and Bertha Cozzens", "Snake River Bill", "Lifeblood of the Big Horn Basin", the two geology signs, "Big Horn Basin", "Buck Creek", "What's in a Name?", "Heart Mountain and the Crow People", "Lady Mountain", "Hearts as Big as the Mountain", "Etched in History") and the September 1985 memorial plaque, photographed by CloudView. Sign credits: the Cozzens family, the Park County Archives, the Heart Mountain Irrigation District, Dr. Thomas A. Hauge, Carrie Peters (The Nature Conservancy), Caroline Henley, Kelly Jensen, L.L. French, the Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, and a 2002 oral history in the McCracken Research Library, Buffalo Bill Center of the West.Used for: Joe Cozzens's early years and the sheep company, the homestead, the trail sign photos and fact cards, and the 1985 memorial plaque
31. 31
    Obituary for Joseph Francis "Francie" Cozzens, Billings Gazette, January 2, 2003 (Legacy.com). Not linked because it names living family members.Used for: Francis Cozzens: Douglas Aircraft, marriage and later life
32. 32
    Anders, Fouke, Zerkle, Tavarnelli, Alvarez and Harlow, "The role of calcining and basal fluidization in the long runout of carbonate slides: An example from the Heart Mountain slide block, Wyoming and Montana, U.S.A.", Journal of Geology, 2010 (peer reviewed)https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/the-role-of-calcining-and-basal-fluidization-in-the-long-runout-oUsed for: Area of 3,400 km², minimum 45 km travel, single-event evidence, calcining and gas (Thought 1)
33. 33
    Goren, Aharonov and Anders, "The long runout of the Heart Mountain landslide: Heating, pressurization, and carbonate decomposition", Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2010 (peer reviewed)https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010JGRB..11510210G/abstractUsed for: Largest known landslide on land, about 50 km on a 2° slope, modeled speed and duration (Thought 1)
34. 34
    Malone, Craddock, Anders and Wulff, "Constraints on the Emplacement Age of the Heart Mountain Slide, Northwestern Wyoming", Journal of Geology, 2014 (peer reviewed)https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/678279Used for: Slide age 48.87 ± 0.20 million years, area of at least 3,400 km²
35. 35
    Mitchell, Smith, Anders, Di Toro, Nielsen, Cavallo and Beard, "Catastrophic emplacement of giant landslides aided by thermal decomposition: Heart Mountain, Wyoming", Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2015 (peer reviewed)https://durham-repository.worktribe.com/output/1402207/catastrophic-emplacement-of-giant-landslides-aided-by-thermal-decomposition-heart-mountain-wyomingUsed for: More than 2,000 km³ of rock, friction experiments showing carbon dioxide release (Thought 1)
36. 36
    Swanson, Wernicke and Hauge, "Episodic Dissolution, Precipitation, and Slip along the Heart Mountain Detachment, Wyoming", Journal of Geology, 2016 (peer reviewed; published version of source 5)https://authors.library.caltech.edu/records/rh5x7-jxh35Used for: Multiple slip events, low fault-rock temperatures, slow creep and repeated slip (Thought 2)
37. 37
    Malone, Craddock, Schmitz, Kenderes, Kraushaar, Murphey, Nielsen and Mitchell, "Volcanic Initiation of the Eocene Heart Mountain Slide, Wyoming, USA", Journal of Geology, 2017 (peer reviewed)https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/geo_facpubs/352/Used for: Volcanic plug as the trigger, area of as much as 5,000 km², run-out of as much as 85 km
38. 38
    Zamani, Heij, Ferré, Murphy and Bagley, "High-Velocity Slip and Thermal Decomposition of Carbonates: Example From the Heart Mountain Slide Ultracataclasites, Wyoming", Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, 2023 (peer reviewed)https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10718440-highvelocity-slip-thermal-decomposition-carbonates-example-from-heart-mountain-slide-ultracataclasites-wyomingUsed for: Area of 3,500 km², frictional heating and calcination at the slide base (Thought 1)
39. 39
    Wyoming State Geological Survey, "Bighorn Basin"https://main.wsgs.wyo.gov/energy/oil-gas/oil-gas-basins/bighorn-basinUsed for: Oil production note on the Big Horn Basin trail sign card
40. 40
    Northwest College, Heart Mountain Digital Preservation Project, "History"https://nwc.edu/library/heart-mountain-digital-preservation-project/history.htmlUsed for: Military service count
41. 41
    Bureau of Reclamation, Shoshone Projecthttps://www.usbr.gov/projects/index.php?id=422Used for: Heart Mountain Canal length and Heart Mountain Division acres (canal sign card note)
42. 42
    Bureau of Reclamation, Shoshone Project history (PDF)https://www.usbr.gov/projects/pdf.php?id=192Used for: Heart Mountain Canal length and Heart Mountain Division acres (canal sign card note)
43. 43
    Heart Mountain Wyoming Foundation, Historyhttps://heartmountain.org/history/Used for: Total held (more than 14,000), closing dates

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